L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m GDCD 10 B\u00e0i 5: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

I. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi c\u00e2u: C\u00f3 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0i s\u1eaft c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y n\u00ean kim, \nc\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u00e0i \nnhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e2y s\u1eaft \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u00ean kim, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e2u \nn\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khuy\u00ean nh\u0103n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\n n\u00ean h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \nnh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00f3 n\u1ebfu \nnh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gian nan v\u1ea5t \nv\u1ea3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \n\u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y.Trong Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1eeb \ns\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Ch\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u21d2 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \nv\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 \nv\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

* V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng: M\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, d\u1ec5 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea5u \u0103n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mu\u1ed1i<\/td>

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng<\/td><\/tr>

V\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n<\/td>

V\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb m\u00eda<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n \u21d2 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \nhi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \nt\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt\n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. <\/p>\n\n\n\n + Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n\n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; gi\u00fap ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n + Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \ns\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u00f3 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; \nkh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2192 Trong 2 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00eau tr\u00ean: Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \ns\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. X\u00e9t trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean: Ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \nl\u00e0m t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n; ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb m\u00eda. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \nc\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1\n v\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1edbi gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \nn\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n * V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u21d2 Ta x\u00e9t trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ta th\u1ea5y: \u0110\u1ed9ng \nv\u1eadt v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung nh\u01b0: C\u00f3 l\u00f4ng mao bao ph\u1ee7, th\u00e2n \nnhi\u1ec7t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh; c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thai sinh v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i con b\u1eb1ng s\u1eefa m\u1eb9; khoang \nng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 khoang b\u1ee5ng ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1edfi c\u01a1 ho\u00e0nh; b\u1ed9 r\u0103ng c\u00f3 2 l\u1ee9a l\u00e0 \nr\u0103ng s\u1eefa v\u00e0 r\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh r\u0103ng c\u1eeda, r\u0103ng nanh v\u00e0 r\u0103ng\n h\u00e0m… Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \n(kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\n gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00ec c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \nch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u01b0, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay\n (\u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau)\u2026 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \n\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta x\u00e9t c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, \nti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u01b0, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n\n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi A v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B th\u00ec c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \n\u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 v\u00e0i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \nth\u01b0, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay m\u1edbi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (gi\u00fap \nch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi A v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi B v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng minh\n th\u01b0, s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra). Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c\n t\u00ednh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i: c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \nthu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi A v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\n B). Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \nch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi A kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u2192 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec ta \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n \u21d2 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \nhi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (cao, th\u1ea5p), quy m\u00f4 (l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf), \nt\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng (nhanh, ch\u1eadm), s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (\u00edt, nhi\u1ec1u)… c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \nhi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n – C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n + L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: l\u00edt, cm, dm\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n + L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: T\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, \u00fd ch\u00ed (\u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i chung). V\u00ed d\u1ee5: L\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nam n\u1eef\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n a. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n – \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \nv\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c em l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p 3 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \ntr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ea7m non \u2192 Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u2192 THCS \u2192 THPT<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ede m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thi, b\u00e0i \nki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p. Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb M\u1ea7m non \u2192 Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u2192 THCS \u2192 THPT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u21d2 Trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n + M\u1ea7m non: 3 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n + Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc: 5 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n + THCS: 4 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n + THPT: 3 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian: 3 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7m non v\u00e0 THPT, 5 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, 4\n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a THPT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay\n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp) nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 \ntr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng l\u1edbp nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ra \ntr\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t \n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n – \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00fat l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/ins><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f2n \nch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \nthay \u0111\u1ed5i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t c\u0169. \nL\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh – \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd \ndi\u1ec5n ra b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n b. Ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u1ea1i bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n – Ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u1ea1i bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n – Mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t c\u0169 sang ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y. Theo\n \u0111\u00f3, B\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 \nch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean. B\u01b0\u1edbc \nnh\u1ea3y k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t giai \nph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1\n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch l\u0169y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 \nl\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n – Ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft \nc\u1ea5u, quy m\u00f4, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. \nV\u00ed d\u1ee5: T\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng ta gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, khi th\u00eam 1 \n\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c: h\u00ecnh t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh, h\u00ecnh \nch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng\u2026<\/ins><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u21d2 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7n \nch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat s\u1ebd \nd\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng qua b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y. Ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \n\u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra, \nt\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \nc\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n * T\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00edch l\u0169y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt bao gi\u1edd \nc\u0169ng di\u1ebfn ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \n\u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh\n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 thi \u0111\u1ed7 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \nph\u1ea3i t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, THCS \u0111\u1ebfn THPT. \nNh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat l\u00e0\n c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi, thi c\u1eed l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch l\u0169y \nki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t hay ch\u01b0a. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong \nho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00edch l\u0169y \nv\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ( tri th\u1ee9c) l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t (k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp) theo quy \nlu\u1eadt. Tr\u00e1nh g\u1eb7p g\u1ea5p r\u00fat m\u1ed7i khi s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 thi, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu kinh \nnghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Tr\u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 quan, \nn\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/ins><\/p>\n\n\n\n * Trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3, tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \nt\u1ea3 khuynh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \nb\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y . H\u1ecdc sinh khi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1\n ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \nnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \nch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c \nhi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp do kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung,\n c\u00f2n m\u1ea3i m\u00ea vui ch\u01a1i , d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ec5 trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, r\u1ed3i \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi\n ch\u00e2n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea3y\u201d khi s\u1eafp thi h\u1ecd m\u1edbi t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc. Giai \n\u0111o\u1ea1n \u00f4n thi l\u00e0 l\u00fac ta c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, do \n\u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn \nth\u1ee9c qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 thi. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u,\n nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i, mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc nhanh, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u01b0a \nh\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2ng cao, \u201cch\u01b0a h\u1ecdc b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 lo h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea1y\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n \nti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cao, th\u00ec m\u1ed7i \nb\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao, t\u1eeb d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3\n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n *Li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 quan<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p 3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf trong h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 \nm\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u01b0\u01a1n \nl\u00ean, s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00ean canh \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh\n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tri th\u1ee9c cao \nnh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 thi. K\u1ebft\n qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ta k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \nkh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho ta sang m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \ncao h\u01a1n, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \nkh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \ncao h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong h\u1ecdc\n t\u1eadp r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n * S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc sinh<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \n(l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u201cch\u1ea5t\u201d t\u1ed1t cho t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \nt\u1ed1t, n\u1ebfu trong l\u1edbp c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t, lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \n\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch cao. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \nlu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i uy t\u00edn, th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \nl\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i<\/em>, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed9i dung quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n \nch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 vai\n tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \nl\u00e0 hai m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch\n l\u0169y t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111inh m\u1edbi l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3 trong ho\u1ea1t \n\u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 \nl\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \nnh\u1ea3y khi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u0129 \n\u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec v\u1eady \nm\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \nt\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t\n tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 quan, n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu t\u00edch \nl\u0169y v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 1:<\/strong> Trong Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/ins><\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 2:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea7n c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng.    C. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Ch\u1ea5t.    D. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 3:<\/strong> C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Do s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 4:<\/strong> Ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 5:<\/strong> \u201cThu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 6:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i ta c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. M\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, d\u1ec5 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt, mu\u1ed1i v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. D\u1ec5 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 7:<\/strong> Gi\u1eefa mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 8:<\/strong> Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Ch\u1ec9 ra vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 9:<\/strong> C\u00e2u n\u00e0o sao \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. T\u00edch ti\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. H\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa, h\u1ecdc m\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. H\u1ecdc t\u00e0i thi ph\u1eadn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. T\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ee1 b\u1edd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 10:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi C\u00e1m th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh: Hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh, t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a T\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 11:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m: Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc tinh khi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc tinh khi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc tinh khi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00fat c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc tinh khi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 12:<\/strong> V\u00e0o 21h30\u2019 em \u0111i h\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1, \ntr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 em g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean \u0111ang v\u1ea1 v\u1eadt \u1edf ven \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u \nhi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n ch\u1ed7 em, trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \nem s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. \u0110\u1ea1p xe th\u1eadt nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi th\u0103m xem h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. H\u00e9t th\u1eadt to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. \u0110\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 13:<\/strong> G\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 em c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n X v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n Y, \n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n X l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 n\u00ean b\u1ea1n Y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7\n \u0111\u1ed9ng sang gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n X b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y b\u1ea1n Y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f5ng b\u1ea1n\n t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1ea1n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khi b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 \nkh\u0103n. Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y em s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Tr\u00eau tr\u1ecdc b\u1ea1n X v\u00ec b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n Y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1ea1n X v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. H\u1ecfi han b\u1ea1n X v\u00e0i c\u00e2u cho xong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 14:<\/strong> L\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A.\tL\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B.\tL\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C.\tCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 15:<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00fat v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 16:<\/strong> S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh, ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eadm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm, ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i sau v\u00e0 nhanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 17:<\/strong> Trong Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 18:<\/strong> Khi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 19:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. T\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 20:<\/strong> Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m dung \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng \nthu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t \ntri\u1ec3n, quy m\u00f4 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. B\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y.    B. Ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng.    D. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: C<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 21:<\/strong> C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t.<\/ins><\/p>\n\n\n\n B. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: B<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e2u 22:<\/strong> C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n A. Do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B. Do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D. Do s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n: A<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m GDCD 10 B\u00e0i 5: C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng A. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft I. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi c\u00e2u: C\u00f3 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0i s\u1eaft c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y n\u00ean kim, c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, ngh\u0129a \u0111en c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":43982,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1648],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n