Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh? H\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Java<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/l2.png\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOP). V\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 Java.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Java l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i, m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng ba th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc Java t\u1eeb s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2ng cao, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201cDeitel: Java how to program\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Deitel \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Object) ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (Inheritance).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t th\u00edch nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u1eeba k\u1ebf (inherited class).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
#M\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc Java<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
Qua cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, Deitel mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nhanh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/l1.jpg\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nCh\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp(stack).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\nKh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c stack-frame <\/em>khi th\u1ef1c thi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean back-stack trong Android c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng chung l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau, c\u1ee9 back-stack th\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00e0o sau ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Last in First out). Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 100<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\nSau khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 trong suy ngh\u0129, \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta chia ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e2u (sentence). \u201cC\u00e2u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i v\u00e0i c\u00e2u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o, gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3(\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u00f4i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
#5 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- Danh t\u1eeb (Noun) \/ \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb (Pronoun)<\/strong>: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u.<\/li>
- \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (Verb)<\/strong> \u2013 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>
- C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb (Phrases) \/ Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (Expression): <\/strong>\u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh).<\/li>
- C\u00fa ph\u00e1p (Syntax) \/ Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a (Semantics): <\/strong>\u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh).<\/li>
- \u0110\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (Language Specifics)<\/strong>: C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 5 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u k\u0129 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 5 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2ng cao khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. C\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb \/ \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\nC\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef\/\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh (Identifier). V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00ean bi\u1ebfn, t\u00ean h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 xem c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
int<\/strong> myNumber = 12; \/\/ java<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nlet myNumber = 12 \/\/ F#<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\nmy_number = 12 # python <\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\nTrong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0m hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n\u00a0gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c h\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/r2.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. C\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \/ bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\nC\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (expression) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh (statement) trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (control-flow).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (control-flow), bao g\u1ed3m ternary-expression, if-else, for, while v\u00e0 do-while\u2026 \u0110i\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. C\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\nC\u00fa ph\u00e1p cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m c\u00e2u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft hoa. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, xhfrst<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng cherish<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, \u2018we you cherish<\/em>\u2018 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng \u2018we cherish you\u2019<\/em> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\nC\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m ph\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 sai cho \u0111\u1ecbnh danh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/r3.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nR\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 4 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u2018The tree climbed the boy\u2019<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00fa ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i sai v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n\n\n\nNg\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/r4.png\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n5. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n\u00a0gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\nC\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: danh t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ri\u00eang g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u1edbp (Class), c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Data Type) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Data Structure)\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong JavaScript c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Prototype (nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu). Nh\u01b0ng trong Java th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi nh\u01b0\u00a0ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef F#.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft<\/strong>
<\/h5>\n\n\n\nVi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c implementations kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 5 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed v\u1ed9i. B\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00ecnh hi v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eebng qu\u00ean comment n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u00edch nh\u00e9<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh?\u201d Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":39181,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1651,18],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n
B\u00ed k\u00edp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nhanh<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"B\u00ed k\u00edp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nhanh\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh?\u201d Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Lop12.edu.vn - C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp 12 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-04-13T03:13:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-11-21T04:58:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/l1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"683\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nguy\u1ec5n M\u01a1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nguy\u1ec5n M\u01a1\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/\",\"name\":\"B\u00ed k\u00edp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nhanh\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-04-13T03:13:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-11-21T04:58:22+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/#\/schema\/person\/104e47bfb6189ee6fa1aa67e1f9107a2\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"B\u00ed k\u00edp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nhanh\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/\",\"name\":\"Lop12.edu.vn - C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbp 12\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/#\/schema\/person\/104e47bfb6189ee6fa1aa67e1f9107a2\",\"name\":\"Nguy\u1ec5n M\u01a1\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/20d6905502209505aa7a21b55419ebe9?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/20d6905502209505aa7a21b55419ebe9?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Nguy\u1ec5n M\u01a1\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/author\/mont\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"B\u00ed k\u00edp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nhanh","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/bi-kip-de-hoc-gioi-ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-thanh-thao-nhanh\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"B\u00ed k\u00edp \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o nhanh","og_description":"C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh?\u201d Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. 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<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOP). V\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 Java.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Java l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 n\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i, m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng ba th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc Java t\u1eeb s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2ng cao, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201cDeitel: Java how to program\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Deitel \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Object) ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba (Inheritance).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t th\u00edch nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u1eeba k\u1ebf (inherited class).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
#M\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc Java<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
Qua cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, Deitel mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nhanh m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp(stack).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c stack-frame <\/em>khi th\u1ef1c thi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean back-stack trong Android c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng chung l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau, c\u1ee9 back-stack th\u00ec l\u00e0 v\u00e0o sau ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Last in First out). Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sau khi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 trong suy ngh\u0129, \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp theo b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta chia ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e2u (sentence). \u201cC\u00e2u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i v\u00e0i c\u00e2u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o, gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3(\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u00f4i)<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 5 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i\/vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u k\u0129 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 5 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e2ng cao khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ch\u1ee7 ng\u1eef\/\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Trong c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh (Identifier). V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00ean bi\u1ebfn, t\u00ean h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 xem c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n int<\/strong> myNumber = 12; \/\/ java<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n let myNumber = 12 \/\/ F#<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n my_number = 12 # python <\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0m hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n\u00a0gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c h\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho c\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (expression) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh (statement) trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (control-flow).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 3 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (control-flow), bao g\u1ed3m ternary-expression, if-else, for, while v\u00e0 do-while\u2026 \u0110i\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00fa ph\u00e1p cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m c\u00e2u v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft hoa. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, xhfrst<\/em>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng cherish<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, \u2018we you cherish<\/em>\u2018 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng \u2018we cherish you\u2019<\/em> th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m ph\u1ea9y ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 sai cho \u0111\u1ecbnh danh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n R\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 4 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u2018The tree climbed the boy\u2019<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00fa ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i sai v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: danh t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ri\u00eang g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u1edbp (Class), c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Data Type) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Data Structure)\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong JavaScript c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Prototype (nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu). Nh\u01b0ng trong Java th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a h\u01a1n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi nh\u01b0\u00a0ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef F#.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c implementations kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 5 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u1ea3n ch\u00ed v\u1ed9i. B\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00ecnh hi v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o, gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eebng qu\u00ean comment n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u00edch nh\u00e9<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cL\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh?\u201d Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":39181,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1651,18],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 100<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
#5 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
1. C\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb \/ \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
2. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n3. C\u00e1c c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \/ bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
4. C\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n5. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n\u00a0gi\u1ecfi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft<\/strong>
<\/h5>\n\n\n\n