Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o k\u00e9p th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ?
\nI. <\/strong>KH\u00d4NG C\u00d3 TRAO \u0110\u1ed4I \u0110O\u1ea0N<\/strong><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t 1 c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau , kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 2 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t tr\u00ean n c\u1eb7p NST nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed1i \u0111a 2^{n <\/sup> ki\u1ec3u giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n}

B\u00e0i t\u1eadp minh h\u1ecda: <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u1eadu H\u00e0 lan ( 2n = 14). M\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. T\u00ednh s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ?<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn: <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

2n = 14 hay n = 7<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n cho hai lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 giao t\u1eed t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0: 2.2.2.2.2.2.2 = 2^{7<\/sup> = 128<\/span><\/p>\n}

II. <\/strong>C\u00d3 TRAO \u0110\u1ed4I CH\u00c9O<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1: Trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n
• X\u00e9t 1 c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra :4 ki\u1ec3u giao t\u1eed<\/strong><\/span>( 2 giao t\u1eed b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng , 2 giao t\u1eed trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o )<\/span><\/li>\n
• X\u00e9t k c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra: 4^{k<\/sup> ki\u1ec3u giao t\u1eed<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n}
• n – k c\u1eb7p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 2^{n-k<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n}
• T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 giao t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 : 2n-k<\/sup> \u00d74k<\/sup> = 2n+k<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  <\/span><\/p>\n

  S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 1: Di\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean c\u1eb7p NST<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

  Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: Trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

  Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t , c\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 2 \u1edf c\u00f9ng c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

  – X\u00e9t 1 c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 6 ki\u1ec3u giao t\u1eed ( 2 GT kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n , 2 GT trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 1 , 2 GT trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 2). Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 2 <\/span><\/p>\n

  <\/span><\/p>\n

  S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 2: Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac tr\u00ean 1 c\u1eb7p NST<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

  \n
  • X\u00e9t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 NST g\u1ed3m n c\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/li>\n
  • X\u00e9t k c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 6^{k<\/sup> ki\u1ec3u<\/strong> giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/li>\n}
  • n- k c\u1eb7p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 2^{n-k<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n}
  • T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 giao t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 : 2n-k<\/sup> \u00d76k<\/sup> = 2n<\/sup> \u00d7 3k<\/sup> ki\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 3 : Trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o k\u00e9p .<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o k\u00e9p l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m , c\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 2 , c\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ebd trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9ng l\u00fac c\u0169ng trong 1 c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng <\/em><\/span>\u0111\u00f3<\/em> . <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u1edf 1 c\u1eb7p NST t\u1ea1o ra 6 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed . Ta x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 3<\/em><\/p>\n

    <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 3: di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean 1 c\u1eb7p NST<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
    • X\u00e9t 1 c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 8 ki\u1ec3u giao t\u1eed :<\/span>2 GT kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n, <\/span>2 GT trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed , <\/span> 2 GT trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 2,<\/span> 2 GT trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/span><\/li>\n
    • X\u00e9t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 NST g\u1ed3m n c\u1eb7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/span><\/li>\n
    • X\u00e9t k c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o k\u00e9p s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 8^{k<\/sup> ki\u1ec3u giao t\u1eed <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n}
    • n- k c\u1eb7p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o th\u00ec s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 2^{n-k<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n}
    • T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 giao t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 : 2n-k<\/sup> \u00d78k<\/sup> = 2n<\/sup> \u00d7 4k<\/sup> ki\u1ec3u<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      III. B\u00c0I T\u1eacP MINH H\u1eccA- H\u01af\u1edaNG D\u1eaaN GI\u1ea2I <\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      B\u00e0i 1<\/u><\/strong>. M\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u gen Dd khi gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i tinh tr\u00f9ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

      A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8<\/span><\/p>\n

      H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn<\/em><\/strong>: M\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u gen Dd khi gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho 2 lo\u1ea1i tinh tr\u00f9ng l\u00e0 AB<\/u>D v\u00e0 ab<\/u>d ho\u1eb7c AB<\/u>d v\u00e0 ab<\/u>D<\/span><\/p>\n

      B\u00e0i 2 :<\/u><\/strong> C\u00f3 3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh tinh tr\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n x\u1ea3y ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o th\u00ec t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i tinh tr\u00f9ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

      H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      M\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh tinh gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o cho 4 lo\u1ea1i tinh tr\u00f9ng 3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh tinh c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u gen nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n t\u1ea1o 4.3=12 lo\u1ea1i tinh tr\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

      B\u00e0i 3.<\/u><\/strong> M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u gen Dd khi gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o x\u1ea3y<\/span><\/p>\n

      ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ee9ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

      A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16<\/span><\/p>\n

      H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u gen Dd c\u00f3 2 c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng : v\u00e0 Dd<\/span><\/p>\n

      Dd t\u1ea1o ra hai giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o th\u00ec t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed1i \u0111a 4 giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      S\u1ed1 giao t\u1eed c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 : 4 x 2 = 8 giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      B\u00e0i 4<\/u><\/strong>: Ru\u1ed3i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 NST 2n=12. M\u1ed9t ru\u1ed3i c\u00e1i trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 hai c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p g\u1ed3m 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p NST c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec 2 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi ph\u00e1t sinh giao t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 2 c\u1eb7p NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau x\u1ea3y ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00ec s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ee9ng sinh ra t\u1eeb ru\u1ed3i c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau?<\/span><\/p>\n

      H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      B\u1ed9 NST 2n=12 \u00ae n = 6.<\/span><\/p>\n

      C\u00f3 2 c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 6-2 = 4 c\u1eb7p NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Hai c\u1eb7p NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n m\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p lu\u00f4n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      2 c\u1eb7p NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o m\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p cho 4 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      2 c\u1eb7p c\u00f3 NST c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o m\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p t\u1ea1o ra 2 giao t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

      T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 giao t\u1eed khi c\u00f3 hai c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i 1 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 :<\/span><\/p>\n

      1.1.4^{2<\/sup>.2.2<\/sup> = 26<\/sup> = 64<\/span><\/p>\n}

      B\u00e0i 5<\/u><\/strong>. M\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u1ee5c s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee3t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i b\u00e0o cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean 9690 NST \u0111\u01a1n m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o con sinh ra t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c tinh tr\u00f9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 512 tinh tr\u00f9ng mang NST gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh Y.<\/span><\/p>\n

      a. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9 NST l\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u1ee5c s\u01a1 khai?<\/span><\/p>\n

      b. N\u1ebfu t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh tinh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i khi ph\u00e1t sinh giao t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra, m\u1ed7i c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean 3 c\u1eb7p NST v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o k\u00e9p tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p NST th\u00ec t\u1ed1i \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed?<\/span><\/p>\n

      H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      a. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9 NST l\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i<\/span><\/p>\n

      – Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh tinh gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n cho hai lo\u1ea1i tinh tr\u00f9ng (tinh tr\u00f9ng mang NST gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh X v\u00e0 tinh tr\u00f9ng mang NST gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh Y) v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng nhau. Theo b\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 512 tinh tr\u00f9ng mang NST gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh Y n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 512 tinh tr\u00f9ng mang NST gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh X<\/span><\/p>\n

      – T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 tinh tr\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0: 512+512=1024<\/span><\/p>\n

      – T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh tinh l\u00e0 1024:4=256<\/span><\/p>\n

      – V\u00ec t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 NST m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 9690 n\u00ean ta c\u00f3: (256 – 1).2n = 9690 \u00ae 2n = 38<\/span><\/p>\n

      – S\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u1ee5c s\u01a1 khai: G\u1ecdi k l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n th\u00ec 2^{k<\/sup> = 256 \u00ae k = 8<\/span><\/p>\n}

      b. S\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i tinh tr\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra:<\/span><\/p>\n

      2n = 38 =>n = 19. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 19 c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

      – Trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean 2 c\u1eb7p NST t\u1ea1o ra 4.4 = 16 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      – Trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean 3 c\u1eb7p NST t\u1ea1o ra<\/span><\/p>\n

      6.6.6 = 216 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      – Trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o k\u00e9p tr\u00ean 1 c\u1eb7p NST t\u1ea1o ra 8 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed<\/span><\/p>\n

      – C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 19 – ( 2+3+1) = 13 c\u1eb7p gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra 2^{13<\/sup> lo\u1ea1i G<\/span><\/p>\n}

      – T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 16.216.8.2^{13<\/sup>= 223<\/sup>.33<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n}

      T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o t\u1ea1i hai \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e9o k\u00e9p th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ? I. KH\u00d4NG C\u00d3 TRAO \u0110\u1ed4I \u0110O\u1ea0N X\u00e9t 1 c\u1eb7p NST g\u1ed3m 2 NST […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[129],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n