C\u00e2u 1 (trang 136 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 1):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n – Lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i chung; th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n – Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m ba lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn: tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, k\u1ecbch. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang:<\/p>\n + Lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3: th\u01a1 ca, kh\u00fac ng\u00e2m,…<\/p>\n + Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3: truy\u1ec7n, k\u00ed, t\u00f9y b\u00fat,…<\/p>\n + Lo\u1ea1i k\u1ecbch c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3: ch\u00ednh k\u1ecbch, bi k\u1ecbch, h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch,…<\/p>\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n C\u00e2u 2 (trang 136 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 1):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n a, Th\u01a1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, t\u00f9y theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed:<\/p>\n – Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 theo n\u1ed9i dung bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3: th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, th\u01a1 tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang.<\/p>\n – Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f3: th\u01a1 c\u00e1ch lu\u1eadt, th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 do, th\u01a1 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i.<\/p>\n a, Khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01a1 c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/p>\n – C\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u00ean t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u00ean t\u1eadp th\u01a1, t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1.<\/p>\n – \u0110\u1ecdc k\u0129 b\u00e0i th\u01a1, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u00fd th\u01a1 qua c\u00e2u ch\u1eef, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u. \u00dd th\u01a1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt… \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 d\u00f9ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, chi ti\u1ebft, v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u,.. m\u1edbi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd th\u01a1, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01a1, c\u00e1i t\u00f4i tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n – T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb9p, l\u1eddi th\u01a1 l\u1ea1, \u00fd th\u01a1 hay, t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01a1, c\u00e1i t\u00f4i tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh,… \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n C\u00e2u 3 (trang 136 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 1):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n * C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, truy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n – V\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u truy\u1ec7n: th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n – V\u0103n h\u1ecdc trung \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef N\u00f4m.<\/p>\n – Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn, truy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba v\u00e0 truy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i (ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft).<\/p>\n + Truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi,… nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn lao, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n sinh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n + Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft: ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft trinh th\u00e1m, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft s\u1eed thi ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u00edch anh h\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n * C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n – T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n – Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. L\u00e0m r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt. Ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1: ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u1edf ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t hay \u1edf ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba; \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt; c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n; th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3; gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u1eddi v\u0103n,…<\/p>\n C\u00e2u 1 (trang 136 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 1):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh, t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 C\u00e2u c\u00e1 m\u00f9a thu c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n – B\u00e0i th\u01a1 g\u1ee3i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1eafc B\u1ed9. C\u1ea3nh thu \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 qua m\u00e0u s\u1eafc: n\u01b0\u1edbc trong veo, s\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfc, tr\u1eddi xanh ng\u1eaft; qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t: s\u00f3ng h\u01a1i g\u1ee3n t\u00ed, l\u00e1 v\u00e0ng kh\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e8o, t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y l\u01a1 l\u1eedng. C\u1ea3nh thu \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e9t bu\u1ed3n ph\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea5t. C\u1ea3nh bu\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi thi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f9a thu trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t bu\u1ed3n s\u1ea7u man m\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1i n\u00e9t bu\u1ed3n v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ea5n trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e9t bu\u1ed3n lan ra t\u1eeb t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh. Tuy v\u1eady, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i c\u00e2u (T\u1ef1a g\u1ed1i \u00f4m c\u1ea7n l\u00e2u ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi u u\u1ea9n trong n\u1ed7i lo tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm.<\/p>\n – C\u00e2u c\u00e1 m\u00f9a thu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong s\u00e1ng, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ea7n \u201ceo\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u1ec5n Khuy\u1ebfn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh. V\u1ea7n \u201ceo\u201d h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c (c\u00e2u 1,2,4 v\u00e0 c\u00e2u 8). N\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian thu nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7y u\u1ea9n kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea3 t\u0129nh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb: trong veo, xanh bi\u1ebfc, xanh ng\u1eaft,…<\/p>\n C\u00e2u 2 (trang 136 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 1):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n – Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 trong truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn Hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea1ch Lam:<\/p>\n – Hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea1ch Lam. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eeba c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u1eeba mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi qua truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea1ch Lam.<\/p>\n – Hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng thao th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean v\u00e0 An, mong m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u \u0111\u00eam \u0111i ngang qua.<\/p>\n Trong truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y, Th\u1ea1ch Lam \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, mong manh.<\/p>\n – Th\u1ea1ch Lam c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u1ee7 th\u1ec9, t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea1ch Lam.<\/p>\n Tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i So\u1ea1n v\u0103n 11 kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" C\u00e2u 1 (trang 136 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 1): – Lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i chung; th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i. – Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m ba lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn: tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1, k\u1ecbch. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1316],"tags":[1453,1508,1455],"yoast_head":"\nLuy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp<\/h2>\n