I. V\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/h2>\n

1. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/b><\/p>\n

Phri-\u0111r\u00edch \u0102ng-ghen (1820 \u2013 1895) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Di s\u1ea3n l\u00ed lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00ed lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c-M\u00e1c (1818- 1883) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. \u00d4ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e1c x\u00edt v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc,… H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gia c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

2. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/b><\/p>\n

V\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u00a0Ba c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c-M\u00e1c<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9 M\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y. T\u00ean b\u00e0i do ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

II. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn so\u1ea1n b\u00e0i<\/h2>\n

C\u00e2u 1 (trang 95 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 2):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ba ph\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n 1: t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0\u201cv\u0129 nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y g\u00e2y ra\u201d<\/i>: th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m M\u00e1c qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c-M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n 2: ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0\u201cth\u00eam n\u1eefa\u201d<\/i>: \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea7n 3: c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 2 (trang 95 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 2):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh\u00a0\u201cnh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d:<\/i><\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y: c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac).<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee9 hai: t\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0.<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee9 ba: c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3: s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, bi\u1ebfn l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

=> C\u00e1c c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c mang t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 3 (trang 95 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 2):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mac, \u0102ng – ghen \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p so s\u00e1nh t\u1ea7ng b\u1eadc (bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 A… th\u00ec B \u0111\u00e3…Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 A m\u00e0 B c\u00f2n…:<\/p>\n

– Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i (C\u00e1c-M\u00e1c c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0)<\/p>\n

– Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf C\u00e1c-M\u00e1c (tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng…)<\/p>\n

\u2192 T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng: N\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c-M\u00e1c: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0129 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 4 (trang 95 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 2):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u00e1c:<\/p>\n

– Qua b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n, \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ng\u1ee3i ca \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

– B\u00e0y t\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m ti\u1ebfc t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c-M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u2192 L\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0102ng – ghen d\u00e0nh cho M\u00e1c:\u00a0\u201cT\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 5 (trang 95 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 2):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd ki\u1ebfn: \u201c[…]\u00a0\u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch n\u00e0o ri\u00eang c\u1ea3\u201d<\/i>\u00a0, b\u1edfi:<\/p>\n

– M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi M\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, duy t\u00e2m, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c mang l\u1ea1i l\u01a1i \u00edch cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u2192 L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0102ng – ghen nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n gi\u00e0nh cho M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp<\/h2>\n

C\u00e2u 1 (trang 95 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 2):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

– T\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y: c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac).<\/p>\n

– T\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0.<\/p>\n

– C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3: s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, bi\u1ebfn l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n

\u2192 M\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 2 (trang 95 sgk Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11 T\u1eadp 2):<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd cho b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n<\/p>\n

\u00dd ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

– Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m M\u00e1c qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

+ Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t: M\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

+ Ni\u1ec1m ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c.<\/p>\n