Phri-\u0111r\u00edch \u0102ng-ghen (1820 \u2013 1895), l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c. \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n b\u1ea3n Ba c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n do \u0102ng- ghen vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9 M\u00e1c, ng\u00e0y 14 \u2013 3 -1895. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t C\u00e1c M\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0102ng-ghen l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u0129 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u0129 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i v\u0103n g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m ba ph\u00e2n. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 hai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn 1 v\u00e0 2: Th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 3, 4, 5 v\u00e0 6 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft ba c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110o\u1ea1n 7 v\u00e0 c\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chung cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n, \u0102ng-ghen n\u00eau r\u00f5 th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc ra \u0111i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c (1818 -1883), nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n l\u01b0u luy\u1ebfn x\u00f3t th\u01b0\u01a1ng: Chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng ba, v\u00e0o l\u00fac ba gi\u1edd k\u00e9m m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ph\u00fat, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng suy ngh\u0129. C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00f5i v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ee7 thi\u1ebfp \u0111i thanh th\u1ea3n \u2013 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5c ng\u0169 ngh\u00ecn thu. \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ra \u0111i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng sao l\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u0129, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u1ed7i tr\u1ed1ng v\u1eafng do s\u1ef1 qua \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc v\u0129 nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00eau l\u00ean ba c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c. C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf (vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf,\u2026) quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac (th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt,\u2026). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, cho r\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf. \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u1edbp c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0103n c\u00e1i u\u1ed1ng, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v.v.; v\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb li\u1ec7u sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u1eefa, cho n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kia, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u00e1c-uyn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb to l\u1edbn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e1c-uyn \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu c\u01a1, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0, quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. M\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u0169 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebb ra. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, trong khi m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00f2 m\u1eabm trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

Theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00f4i ra \u1edf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m so v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y. Kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n chi ph\u00ed g\u1ed3m ti\u1ec1n mua nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, ti\u1ec1n hao m\u00f2n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3, khi\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao h\u01a1n. Ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u00f4i ra \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. \u0102ng-ghen kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong ba c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c, n\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nhu v\u1eady \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf M\u00e1c. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00ed lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho M\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa khi ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi l\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft M\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do n\u00f3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean, tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho giai c\u1ea5p \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh thi\u1ebft th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c. V\u00e0 M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch say s\u01b0a, ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, [\u2026] d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n H\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i [\u2026], \u0111\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 ai x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed d\u00f9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00eam n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, \u0102ng-ghen d\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c tr\u00ean hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd ch\u00e2n t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ch quan, \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i s\u1eebng s\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do n\u00f3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean. M\u00e1c tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho giai c\u1ea5p \u1ea5y \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n

Khi n\u00eau c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c, \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e1n nh\u1ecf: \u0110o\u1ea1n 1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110o\u1ea1n 2 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh M\u00e1c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf C\u00e1c M\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng: \u0110\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn b\u1edfi \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn l\u00f4g\u00edc, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn sau l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u0129 d\u1ea1i h\u01a1n c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng l\u1eddi d\u1eabn: Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u v\u0103n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp: Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0102ng-ghen kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u00e1c. B\u1edfi M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do v\u00ec sao M\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u0103m gh\u00e9t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb vu kh\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u2013 c\u1ea3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf l\u1eabn c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t \u00f4ng, b\u1ecdn t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u2013 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 l\u1eabn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u thi nhau vu kh\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1t sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, coi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i m\u1ea1ng nh\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00e2n, ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e8m \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i khi th\u1ea5y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u1edf kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u0129, kh\u1eafp nh\u1eefng h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf Xi-bia \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Ca-li-pho\u00f3c-ni-a \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, y\u00eau m\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u00f3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ri\u00eang n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e3i!<\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n; b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao d\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5. M\u00e1c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao d\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00ean : \u2026\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ri\u00eang n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9 C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c. \u0102ng-ghen \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Ba c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n chung v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00ed lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Phri-\u0111r\u00edch \u0102ng-ghen (1820 \u2013 1895), l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c M\u00e1c. \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1317],"tags":[1453,1452,1470],"yoast_head":"\n