\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o Tr\u1ea7n Hinh, khoa V\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u2013 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110H Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u2013 \u0110H QGHN h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u00fap th\u00ed sinh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb \u1edf d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (ph\u1ea7n 1):<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cNgh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, d\u00f9ng l\u00ed l\u1ebd, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. Lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fang, sai, ph\u1ea3i, tr\u00e1i, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u kia, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00e2n l\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, chia s\u1ebb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u1edf s\u1ef1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn. V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng minh, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf, so s\u00e1nh\u2026\u201d (S\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa Ng\u1eef V\u0103n 11, t\u1eadp 2).<\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i v\u0103n b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb9p, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1\u2026Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (l\u1ea5y t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o d\u1ea1ng ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thi, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc s\u1eb5n nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, th\u00ed sinh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau:<\/p>\n

+ Ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft sao cho phong ph\u00fa, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00fac nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

+ Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n trong khi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3i chung ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang hay ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00ed l\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

+ D\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho t\u1ed1i \u0111a 3 \u0111i\u1ec3m, n\u00ean dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i. Trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec1 thi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi r\u00f5 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 600 t\u1eeb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 gi\u1ea5y thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 2 trang, vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n vi\u1ebft d\u00e0i, th\u00ed sinh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, tr\u00e1nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n b\u00e0i l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1 thi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin d\u1eabn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1 thi n\u00e0y, \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u).<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u201cNh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 a x\u00edt v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, th\u00f3i v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. T\u1eeb \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean, h\u00e3y vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n ng\u1eafn (kho\u1ea3ng 600 t\u1eeb) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00f3i v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay (\u0111\u1ec1 thi \u0110H kh\u1ed1i C, n\u0103m 2010)<\/p>\n

2. \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n n\u1ea5p sau b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng\u201d. T\u1eeb \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean, h\u00e3y vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n ng\u1eafn (kho\u1ea3ng 600 t\u1eeb) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111\u1ec1 thi \u0110H, kh\u1ed1i D, n\u0103m 2010)<\/p>\n

3. H\u00e3y vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n ng\u1eafn (kho\u1ea3ng 600 t\u1eeb) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn sau: \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa (\u0111\u1ec1 thi \u0110H, kh\u1ed1i D, n\u0103m 2009)<\/p>\n

4. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u201cc\u00e1i ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i ngay khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng\u201d (Norman Kusin). H\u00e3y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

5. Anh\/ Ch\u1ecb h\u00e3y b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ca t\u1eeb sau \u0111\u00e2y trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng S\u01a1n: \u201cS\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng\/ \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec em bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng?\u201d.<\/p>\n

6. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi con g\u00e1i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, M\u00e1c n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh\u201d. Anh\/ch\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

7. \u201cM\u1ecdi l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00e0u x\u00e1m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d (G\u1edbt). Anh\/ch\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d?<\/p>\n

8. Anh\/ch\u1ecb h\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1ec7nh v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m\u201d trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

9. Vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i tham gia cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n giao th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

10. Anh\/ch\u1ecb h\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh t\u00edch \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh g\u00e2y t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ta hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp anh\/ ch\u1ecb \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

11. \u201cS\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi\u201d (M. Gorki). Suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a anh\/ch\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

12. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Nga Lev Tolstoi n\u00f3i \u201cL\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d. H\u00e3y n\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a anh\/ch\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

13. \u201cS\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 cho, \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh\u201d (T\u1ed1 H\u1eefu). D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e2u th\u01a1 tr\u00ean, h\u00e3y vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n ng\u1eafn (kho\u1ea3ng 600 t\u1eeb) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a anh\/ ch\u1ecb..<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf:<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e2u ca t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh C\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i, c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a G\u1edbt v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n so v\u1edbi l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft\u2026)<\/p>\n

+ Hai l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng (v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m, b\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh t\u00edch, v\u1ec1 th\u00f3i quen sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 thi c\u1eed thi\u1ebfu trung th\u1ef1c\u2026).<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00f9 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i l\u00e0m v\u0103n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e2n b\u00e0i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf b\u00e0i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n b\u00e0i, ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n khai ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra \u1edf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, \u0111\u00fang hay sai? B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft? T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c chung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t tri\u1ec3n khai theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u00dd 1: N\u00eau v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1 thi.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u00dd 2: B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1 thi.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u00dd 3: R\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i l\u00e0m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin d\u1eabn ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn: K\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec n\u00f4n n\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u00e0nh t\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u00ec ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u (\u0111\u1ec1 thi \u0110H, kh\u1ed1i C, 2012).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em><\/strong><\/u><\/p>\n

1. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2013 K\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang hay sai; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; th\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t; th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

\u2013 V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eefa lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

2. B\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/em><\/p>\n

* K\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec n\u00f4n n\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u00e0nh t\u00edch<\/p>\n

\u2013 Do th\u00f3i v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00fang sai n\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, k\u1ebb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u00e0ng v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i th\u00ec l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng n\u00f4n n\u00f3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u2013 V\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n, l\u00e0m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh t\u00edch lan tr\u00e0n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

* Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u00ec ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn l\u1eadp n\u00ean th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u<\/p>\n

\u2013 Coi tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadt, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn trong m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 khi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

\u2013 V\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao qu\u00fd; gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

3. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2013 C\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n c\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

\u2013 C\u1ea7n noi theo l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, lu\u00f4n coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, n\u00f4n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea1y theo th\u00e0nh t\u00edch gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o Tr\u1ea7n Hinh, khoa V\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u2013 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110H Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

(ngu\u1ed3n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110H Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u2013 \u0110H QGHN)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n