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{"id":2650,"date":"2016-04-20T03:00:16","date_gmt":"2016-04-20T03:00:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/?p=2650"},"modified":"2016-11-11T10:15:10","modified_gmt":"2016-11-11T10:15:10","slug":"phuong-phap-chon-dap-nhanh-va-chinh-xac-mon-hoa-hoc-thi-thpt-quoc-gia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/phuong-phap-chon-dap-nhanh-va-chinh-xac-mon-hoa-hoc-thi-thpt-quoc-gia\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thi THPT Qu\u1ed1c gia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Quang Hu\u1ea5n – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2 – h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n v\u1eeba ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u1eeba nhanh \u0111\u1ec1 thi tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n trong b\u00e0i thi tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. V\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2u v\u0103n) th\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 4 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e2u d\u1eabn.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u201ct\u1eeb kho\u00e1\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u d\u1eabn l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t; n\u00f3 s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00f3 4 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n<\/p>\n

A. li\u00ean k\u1ebft O-H trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ancol b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

B. gi\u1eefa ancol v\u1edbi H2O t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft hidro.<\/p>\n

C. gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ancol t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft hidro.<\/p>\n

D. trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed C2H5OH ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m -CH2OH.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec c\u1ea3 4 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. V\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u1edbi 4 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n\u00a0 tr\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 c\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u s\u1ebd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 1: Ancol etylic t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m l\u00e0 do (ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n A).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 2: Ancol etylic tan v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 do (ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n B).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 3: Ancol etylic c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i cao h\u01a1n dimetyl ete l\u00e0 do (ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n C).<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u 4: Ancol etylic c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh andehit axetic l\u00e0 do (ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n D).<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cPh\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang?\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cPh\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang?\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 4 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 4 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00e1c em ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi \u201ct\u1eeb kho\u00e1\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb trong \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nh\u01b0 \u201clu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n\u201d, \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u\u2026\u201d, \u201cch\u1ec9\u201d, \u201cph\u1ea3i c\u00f3\u201d,\u2026 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 sai do c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c halogen \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 -1, 0, +1, +3, +5, +7\u201d l\u00e0 sai v\u00ec \u00a0flo ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 oxi ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 -1 v\u00e0 0.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c axit cacboxylic \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c\u201d l\u00e0 sai v\u00ec HCOOH c\u00f3 tham gia.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3: \u201cTrong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cacbon v\u00e0 hidro\u201d l\u00e0 sai v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a hidro nh\u01b0 CCl4, NaOOC-COONa.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 4: \u201cAncol no \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed\u201d l\u00e0 sai v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh oxi ho\u00e1 (khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m).<\/p>\n

2. V\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ghi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u,…) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng (1), (2), (3),… (ho\u1eb7c (a), (b), (c),…) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang (ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang) \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang; sau \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfp theo. Khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u1edf c\u00e2u d\u1eabn.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 (Tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 thi Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng -2012): Cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n

(1) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c an\u0111ehit \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00ednh oxi ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed;<\/p>\n

(2) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c axit cacboxylic \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c;<\/p>\n

(3) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n este trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch;<\/p>\n

(4) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ancol no, \u0111a ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cu(OH)2.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

A. (2) v\u00e0 (4). \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B. (1) v\u00e0 (3). \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. (3) v\u00e0 (4). D. (1) v\u00e0 (2).<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u (1) ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00fang n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n (A v\u00e0 C). Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u (2) l\u00e0 sai v\u00ec HCOOH c\u00f3 tham gia. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u1ecdn lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n B m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u (3) v\u00e0 (4).<\/p>\n

\u00a03. V\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ghi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u…) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng (1), (2), (3),… (ho\u1eb7c (a), (b), (c),…) m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n h\u1ecfi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u1eeba ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n sai.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 (Tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 thi kh\u1ed1i A-2012): Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau (\u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng):<\/p>\n

(a) Cho \u0111\u1ed3ng kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch s\u1eaft (III) clorua.<\/p>\n

(b) S\u1ee5c kh\u00ed hi\u0111ro sunfua v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed3ng (II) sunfat.<\/p>\n

(c) Cho dung d\u1ecbch b\u1ea1c nitrat v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch s\u1eaft (III) clorua.<\/p>\n

(d) Cho b\u1ed9t l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0o th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0<\/p>\n

A. 3. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 B. 1. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0C. 4. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. 2.<\/p>\n

4. V\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch cho c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n, c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong ba c\u00e1ch sau:<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch 1: X\u1eed l\u00fd xu\u00f4i t\u1eeb c\u00e2u d\u1eabn, d\u00f9ng khi 4 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i trong 4 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: \u0110\u1eb7t \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 mol. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 mol b\u1eb1ng 1 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 mol.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Gi\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 suy ra \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 (Tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 thi kh\u1ed1i B-2007): Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh k\u00edn ch\u1ee9a h\u01a1i ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 X (c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng CnH2nO2) m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf v\u00e0 O2\u00a0(s\u1ed1 mol O2\u00a0g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1 mol c\u1ea7n cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e1y) \u1edf 139,9oC, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 0,8 atm. \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n X, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong b\u00ecnh l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 0,95 atm. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a X l\u00e0<\/p>\n

\u00a0A. C4H8O2. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0B. C3H6O2. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 C. CH2O2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. C2H4O2.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn: V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 mol n\u00ean l\u1ea5y nX\u00a0= 1 mol.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e1y;<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh s\u1ed1 mol kh\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u (nX + nO2), s\u1ed1 mol kh\u00ed sau th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m (nCO2 + nH2O + nO2 d\u01b0). Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 mol kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t (v\u00ec c\u00f9ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9), r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n = 3 \u2192 Ch\u1ecdn B.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch 2: K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e2u d\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00f9ng khi c\u00f3 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 1 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung (v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c, h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb kim lo\u1ea1i\u2026).<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Ch\u1ecdn 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chung nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 2, 3, 4: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch 1.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, th\u00ec t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00ec n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 1 trong 3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a 1 trong 2 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o c\u00e2u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 (Tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 thi kh\u1ed1i A-2010): \u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u0111rocacbon X. H\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00e1y v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch Ba(OH)2\u00a0(d\u01b0) t\u1ea1o ra 29,55 gam k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a, dung d\u1ecbch sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m 19,35 gam so v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch Ba(OH)2\u00a0ban \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a X l\u00e0<\/p>\n

A. C3H8. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 B. C2H6. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 C. C3H4. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. C3H6.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i: Ch\u1ecdn 3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n A, C, D \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t C3Hm\u00a0v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 mol l\u00e0 x.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 (C) \u2192 nBaCO3 = nCO2 = 3x = 0,15 \u2192 x = 0,05.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9ng \u0111inh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: mdung d\u1ecbch\u00a0gi\u1ea3m\u00a0= mk\u1ebft t\u1ee7a\u00a0\u2013 (mCO2 + mH2O), t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nH2O = 0,2.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 (H) \u2192 mx = 2.0,2 \u2192 m = 8 \u2192 Ch\u1ecdn A.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch 3: K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e2u d\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e2u d\u1eabn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p (c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t).<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u1eed l\u00fd 1 ho\u1eb7c 1 s\u1ed1 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf 1 ho\u1eb7c 2 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n sai.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u01b0\u1edbc 1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n sai th\u00ec \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc 2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a 1 trong 2 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o c\u00e2u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 (Tr\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1 thi kh\u1ed1i A-2009): Cho 3,024 gam m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i M tan h\u1ebft trong dung d\u1ecbch HNO3\u00a0lo\u00e3ng, thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 940,8 ml kh\u00ed NxOy\u00a0(s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t, \u1edf \u0111ktc) c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi H2\u00a0l\u00e0 22. Kh\u00ed NxOy\u00a0v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i M l\u00e0<\/p>\n

A. N2O\u00a0v\u00e0 Fe. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0B. N2O v\u00e0 Al. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0C. NO v\u00e0 Mg.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D. NO2v\u00e0 Al.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i: Mkh\u00ed\u00a0= 22.2 = 44 \u2192 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n A ho\u1eb7c B. Khi \u0111\u00f3, kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (III). Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n electron: 3nM\u00a0= 8nkh\u00ed\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u2192 M = 27 \u2192 Ch\u1ecdn A.<\/p>\n

5. V\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m xu\u00f4i t\u1eeb c\u00e2u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 (x) \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 cho (x-2) \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh 1 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c m\u1edbi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd chung khi l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00ednh to\u00e1n: C\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a 4 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n (nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 electron), khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eadn electron (trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a – kh\u1eed).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00ean vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 cho s\u1ed1 mol ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng O2\u00a0trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t (v\u00f4 c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u01a1).<\/p>\n

GVC.TS. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Quang Hu\u1ea5n<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Quang Hu\u1ea5n – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2 – h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n v\u1eeba ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u1eeba nhanh \u0111\u1ec1 thi tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. C\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n trong b\u00e0i thi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nPh\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thi THPT Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lop12.edu.vn\/phuong-phap-chon-dap-nhanh-va-chinh-xac-mon-hoa-hoc-thi-thpt-quoc-gia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thi THPT Qu\u1ed1c gia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Quang Hu\u1ea5n – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 2 – h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n v\u1eeba ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u1eeba nhanh \u0111\u1ec1 thi tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f4n Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. 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