T\u1eadp th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean Sinh h\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng THPT Ch\u00e2u Ph\u00fa (An Giang) chia s\u1ebb b\u00ed quy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Sinh h\u1ecdc nhanh, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ef3 thi THPT qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec3u b\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n Khi h\u1ecdc Sinh h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00ean l\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd chi ti\u1ebft cho m\u1ed7i b\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1ea1ch ra c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed7i \u00fd ch\u00ednh t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c \u00fd ph\u1ee5 …<\/p>\n X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00e0i, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eeba tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n V\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c: Sau khi nghe gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng, ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. V\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, h\u1ecdc sinh ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0o b\u00e0n t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ngay (nghe bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u, nghe bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ngay bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i), v\u1edbi b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, che b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 cao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u00e0 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp trong phi\u1ebfu in s\u1eb5n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch “bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i” th\u00e0nh v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/p>\n Nh\u00ecn chung \u0111\u1ec1 thi THPT qu\u00f4\u0301c gia thi theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y b\u00e1m r\u1ea5t s\u00e1t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nh\u1edb s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sinh 12, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng b\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebb gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4ng lung, r\u1ed1i l\u00ean v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, th\u00ed sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n – N\u1eafm v\u1eefng 10 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc 12<\/p>\n – N\u1eafm v\u1eefng s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I – C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u00f3 7 b\u00e0i).<\/p>\n – N\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh trong 1 b\u00e0i (V\u00ed d\u1ee5: B\u00e0i 3 – \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gen c\u00f3 2 \u00fd).<\/p>\n – N\u1eafm v\u1eefng s\u1ed1 \u00fd ph\u1ee5 trong 1 \u00fd ch\u00ednh (V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gen \u1edf sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n s\u01a1 c\u00f3 2 \u00fd)<\/p>\n – N\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa.<\/p>\n N\u1eafm v\u1eefng 3 nh\u00f3m ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c Sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n Sau khi l\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd chi ti\u1ebft cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. V\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 Sinh h\u1ecdc 12 n\u00f3i ri\u00eang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chia l\u00e0m 3 nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n – Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sinh h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n – Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n – Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt sinh h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Ghi ra gi\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xem c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u00fd c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 (c\u00f3 3 \u00fd c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u00f5) nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n L\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 th\u1ec3: C\u00f9ng lo\u00e0i; s\u1ed1ng trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; giao ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau sinh ra th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc 12 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 thi THPT qu\u00f4\u0301c gia, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 nh\u1edb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ngo\u00e0i ra ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2u chu\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau.V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 -> Qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 -> H\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebd m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u1ea3y ra theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Khi h\u1ecdc lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n \u00fd.<\/p>\n – Di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 –\u00a0<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham gia ?<\/p>\n – Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn(m\u1ea5y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n)?<\/p>\n – K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1\u00a0q\u00faa tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i ADN:<\/p>\n – Di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham gia: ADN g\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i enzim, nucleotit c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n – Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn(3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n )<\/p>\n + Du\u1ed7i, th\u00e1o xo\u1eafn ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ADN<\/p>\n + T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p: M\u1ea1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ea1ch gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n + K\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i<\/p>\n – K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: T\u1ea1o 2 ADN m\u1edbi gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng ADN ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/p>\n Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. M\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phi\u00ean m\u00e3.<\/p>\n Lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh xu th\u1ebf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u00a0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u0103c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Khi h\u1ecdc lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quy lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00ednh sau:<\/p>\n – Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt<\/p>\n – N\u1ed9i dung quy lu\u1eadt<\/p>\n – B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t quy lu\u1eadt<\/p>\n – \u1ee8 ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n ly:<\/p>\n – Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m (\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0110\u1eadu h\u00e0 lan, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh)<\/p>\n – N\u1ed9i dung: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n li \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a hai alen trong c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/p>\n – B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t: Do c\u00e1c NST ph\u00e2n li \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng: \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt sau, c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft giao t\u1eed cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u gen kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c quy lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ngay sau khi h\u1ecdc l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n