B\u00e0i 1 (trang 167 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y khi nung n\u00f3ng?<\/strong><\/p>\n A. Mg(NO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub><\/p>\n B. CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\n C. CaSO4<\/sub><\/p>\n D. Mg(OH)2<\/sub><\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n C<\/p>\n B\u00e0i 2 (trang 167 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0Theo thuy\u1ebft Br\u00f3n-stet, ion n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y (trong dung d\u1ecbch) c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh?<\/strong><\/p>\n A. CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n B. OH–<\/sup><\/p>\n C. Ca2+<\/sup><\/p>\n D. HCO3<\/sub>–<\/sup><\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n D<\/p>\n B\u00e0i 3 (trang 167 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0N\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ion n\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi?<\/strong><\/p>\n A. Ca2+<\/sup>, Mg2+<\/sup>, Cl–<\/sup><\/p>\n B. Ca2+<\/sup>, Mg2+<\/sup>, SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup>.<\/p>\n C. Cl–<\/sup>, SO4<\/sub>2-<\/sup>, HCO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>\u00a0,Ca2+<\/sup>.<\/p>\n D. HCO3<\/sub>–<\/sup>,Ca2+<\/sup>, Mg2+<\/sup>.<\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n D<\/p>\n B\u00e0i 4 (trang 167 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng khi \u0111un s\u00f4i th\u00ec m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng, trong lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u00f2a tan nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y?<\/strong><\/p>\n A. Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>, MgCl2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n B. Ca(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>, Mg(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub><\/p>\n C. Mg(HCO3<\/sub>)2<\/sub>, CaCl2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n D. MgCl2<\/sub>, Ca2SO4<\/sub>.<\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n D<\/p>\n B\u00e0i 5 (trang 167 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0Cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n A. NaCl<\/strong><\/p>\n B. Ca(OH)2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n C. Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n D. HCl<\/strong><\/p>\n E. BaCl2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n F. Na2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/p>\n a. l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/strong><\/p>\n b. l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu.<\/strong><\/p>\n Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/strong><\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/strong><\/p>\n a, \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n B ho\u1eb7c C<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ec1m n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng Ca(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0do ch\u00fang l\u00e0m k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a Ca2+<\/sup>\u00a0v\u00e0 Mg2+<\/sup>\u00a0d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng mu\u1ed1i cacbonat theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh :<\/p>\n Ca(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0OH–<\/sup>\u00a0+ HCO3<\/sub>– \u2192 CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\u00a0+H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\u00a0+ Mg2+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 MgCO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2193<\/p>\n CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\u00a0+ Ca2+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2193<\/p>\n Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>: CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\u00a0+ Mg2+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 MgCO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2193<\/p>\n CO3<\/sub>2-<\/sup>\u00a0+ Ca2+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2193<\/p>\n b. \u0110\u00e1p \u00e1n C(ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng xem ph\u1ea7n a)<\/p>\n B\u00e0i 6 (trang 167 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0a. C\u00f3 4 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ef1ng trong 4 l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>, CaCO3<\/sub>, Na2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>. CaSO.2H2<\/sub>O. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft 4 ch\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu ta ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch axit HCl.<\/strong><\/p>\n b. C\u00f3 3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn \u0111\u1ef1ng trong 3 l\u1ecd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: NaCl, CaCl2<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0 MgCl2<\/sub>. H\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t (c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft).<\/strong><\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/b><\/p>\n a, H\u00f2a tan 4 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n – Nh\u00f3m tan nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0 Na2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>.<\/p>\n – Nh\u00f3m \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0 CaSO4<\/sub>.2H2<\/sub>O Nh\u1ecf dung d\u1ecbch HCl v\u00e0o t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c hai nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean<\/p>\n – Nh\u1eadn ra Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t ra c\u00f2n Na2<\/sub>SO4<\/sub>\u00a0th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2HCl \u2192 2NaCl + CO2<\/sub>\u00a0+ H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n – Nh\u1eadn ra CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u00ed c\u00f2n CaSO4<\/sub>.2H2<\/sub>O th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng<\/p>\n CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2HCl \u2192 CaCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ CO2<\/sub>\u00a0+ H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n b, L\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i l\u1ecd m\u1ed9t \u00edt ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn \u0111em h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 r\u1ed3i chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n 1: Nh\u00f2 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch NaOH v\u00e0o, nh\u1eadn ra \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1ng MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00ec c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a<\/p>\n 2NaOH + MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192 Mg(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2193 + 2NaCl<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n 2 : Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra, nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb dung d\u1ecbch Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn ra \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1ng CaCl2<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00ec c\u00f3 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a<\/p>\n CaCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192 CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2NaCl<\/p>\n C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 NaCl<\/p>\n B\u00e0i 7 (trang 167 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 magie v\u00e0 canxi c\u00f3 trong qu\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00f4l\u00f4mit: CaCO3<\/sub>.MgCO3<\/sub>. T\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng n\u00e0y h\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf:<\/p>\n a. Hai ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 CaCO3<\/sub>v\u00e0 MgCO3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n b. Hai kim lo\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Ca v\u00e0 Mg.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/b><\/p>\n S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00e1ch<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \n CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2HCl \u2192 CaCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ CO2<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n MgCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2HCl \u2192 MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ CO2<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2NaOH \u2192 Mg(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2193 + 2NaCl<\/p>\n – L\u1ecdc t\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng tan th\u00ec dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ion Ca2+<\/sup>, Cl–<\/sup>, Na+<\/sup>, OH–<\/sup>\u00a0th\u00eam Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch ta thu CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a<\/p>\n Ca2+<\/sup>\u00a0+ CO3<\/sub>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\n CaCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2HCl \u2192 CaCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ CO2<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n CaCl2<\/sub>\u00a0\u0111pnc<\/sup>\u2192 Ca + Cl2<\/sub><\/p>\n Mg(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2HCl \u2192 MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Na2<\/sub>CO3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192 MgCO3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2NaCl<\/p>\n MgCl2<\/sub>\u00a0\u0111pnc<\/sup>\u2192 Mg + Cl2<\/sub><\/p>\n B\u00e0i 8 (trang 168 sgk H\u00f3a 12 n\u00e2ng cao):\u00a0D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh tan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m th\u1ed5 (xem ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u), h\u00e3v x\u00e9t xem ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0o sau \u0111\u00e2y x\u1ea3y ra:<\/strong><\/p>\n Mg(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Ca2+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 Ca(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Mg2+<\/sup>.<\/p>\n Ca(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Mg2+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 Mg(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Ca2+<\/sup><\/p>\n L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i:<\/b><\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 :<\/p>\n Ca(OH)2<\/sub>\u00a0+ Mg2+<\/sup>\u00a0\u2192 Mg(OH)