C\u00e2u 1:<\/b>\u00a0C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc \u1edf THPT<\/span><\/p>\n a) T\u1ef1 s\u1ef1<\/b>: Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c (s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n) c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 …<\/p>\n b) Thuy\u1ebft minh<\/b>: Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 … nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u00e1i\u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft minh.<\/p>\n c) Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn<\/b>: tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m,nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, … \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qua c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn di\u1ec3m, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9,l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c …<\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c: V\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00e1nh\u00e2n, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, b\u1ea3n tin,v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft, …<\/p>\n C\u00e2u 2:<\/b>\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ebft v\u0103n b\u1ea3n:<\/span><\/p>\n – T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n – T\u00ecm v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn \u00fd cho b\u00e0i v\u0103n<\/p>\n – L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd<\/p>\n – Vi\u1ebft v\u0103n b\u1ea3n theo d\u00e0n \u00fd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/p>\n – \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n C\u00e2u 3:<\/b>\u00a0V\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n a.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn trong nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n –\u00a0Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/i>:<\/p>\n + V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n + V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed<\/p>\n –\u00a0Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/i>:<\/p>\n + V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n + V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch v\u0103n xu\u00f4i.<\/p>\n Khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3 ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec3m chung<\/i>:<\/p>\n + \u0110\u1ec1u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, … \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n + \u0110\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/i>:<\/p>\n + \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ph\u00fa, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, …<\/p>\n + \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00ed gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n b.\u00a0L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn trong v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n – L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn g\u1ed3m: Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n – Lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn; lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 l\u00ed l\u1ebd v\u00e0 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 theo m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/p>\n + L\u00ed l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00ed, l\u00ed l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n + D\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00ed l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3cth\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p khi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c (t\u1ef1 n\u00eau).<\/p>\n – K\u1ec3 t\u00ean c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n + Thao t\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/p>\n + Thao t\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/p>\n + Thao t\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/p>\n + Thao t\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn so s\u00e1nh<\/p>\n + Thao t\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn b\u00e1c b\u1ecf<\/p>\n + Thao t\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c l\u00ed l\u1ebd v\u00e0 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n – C\u00e1c l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p khi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n + N\u00eau lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n + N\u00eau lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, thi\u1ebfu ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n + L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u00e2u thu\u1ea9n, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n c.\u00a0B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n: m\u1edf b\u00e0i, th\u00e2n b\u00e0i, k\u1ebft b\u00e0i. Ba ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n – Ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf b\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn, h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ea7n b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, g\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n – Th\u00e2n b\u00e0i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft. N\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n b\u00e0i l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e8 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m, lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n + Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n trong b\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u00fd, ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m xu\u1ed1ng d\u00f2ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 th\u1ee5t \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n – K\u1ebft b\u00e0i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, n\u00eau \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; g\u1ee3i li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n, r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n d.\u00a0Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Di\u1ec5n d\u1ea1t c\u1ea7n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u00ed tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb, vi\u1ebft c\u00e2u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, linh ho\u1ea1t; gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 trang tr\u1ecdng, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n sao cho sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p tu t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00ed.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec1 1<\/b>: V\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n\u00a0Ba c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc X\u00f4-c\u01a1-r\u00e1t (Hi L\u1ea1p) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n a. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1:<\/b><\/p>\n – Ki\u1ec3u b\u00e0i:<\/p>\n + Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng – \u0111\u1ec1 1)<\/p>\n + Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 – \u0111\u1ec1 2)<\/p>\n – \u0110\u1ec1 1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng thao t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec1 2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng thao t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n – V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 1:<\/p>\n + M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ba c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 X\u00f4-c\u01a1-r\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 g\u00ec? (T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u1eafp ph\u1ea3i nghe:\u00a0C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?; c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng; V\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch kh\u00f4ng?<\/i>).<\/p>\n + R\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i truy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc X\u00f4-c\u01a1-r\u00e1t: \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec? (“N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a anh mu\u1ed1n k\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t d\u1eb9p, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao anh l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3<\/i>“)<\/p>\n + B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (Ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00f3 \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe, k\u1ec3)<\/p>\n – V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 2:<\/p>\n + Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1<\/p>\n + Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 …<\/p>\n b. L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd cho b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/b><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec0 2:<\/b>\u00a0C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a anh\/ch\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 sau \u0111\u00e2y trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch “\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>” c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa \u0110i\u1ec1m:<\/span><\/p>\n A. M\u1edf b\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n – Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa \u0110i\u1ec1m (1943) thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n – “\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch thu\u1ed9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V trong b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca “M\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng<\/i>” c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Khoa \u0110i\u1ec1m, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c n\u0103m 1971, t\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00ecnh Tr\u1ecb Thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n – Ch\u00edn c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1:<\/p>\n L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u00a0qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u1ee3i c\u1ea3m s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft tha.<\/p>\n B. Th\u00e2n b\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n – To\u00e0n \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 c\u00f3 ch\u00edn c\u00e2u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 do, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01a1 gi\u00e0u s\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng …, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u00a0m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n – Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft,\u1edf hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1, T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n “Khi ta l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i,<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y x\u1eeda ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay k\u1ec3<\/i>”<\/p>\n Tham v\u1ecdng t\u00ednh tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i “ng\u00e0y x\u1eeda ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/i>” (th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch) c\u00f3 t\u00ednh phi\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian huy\u1ec1n h\u1ed3, h\u01b0 \u1ea3o, th\u1eddi gian mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Song ch\u00ednh \u1edf “c\u00e1i ng\u00e0y x\u1eeda ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a<\/i>” \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u, r\u1ea5t xa, t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft. Ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: khi ta c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 c\u00f2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n “\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea7u b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u00e0 \u0103n,<\/i><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn l\u00ean khi d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng tre m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c<\/i>”<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft tinh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y,h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh “mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea7u” \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 t\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch, ca dao, t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, “mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea7u<\/i>” l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00f2ng th\u1ee7y chungc\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. T\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u01a1 v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e2y tre \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qu\u1eadt c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00e2m linh, b\u1eb1ng phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n:<\/p>\n “T\u00f3c m\u1eb9 b\u00fai sau \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i><\/p>\n Cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau b\u1eb1ng g\u1eebng cay mu\u1ed1i m\u1eb7n<\/i><\/p>\n C\u00e1i k\u00e8o, c\u00e1i c\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u00ean,<\/i><\/p>\n H\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t n\u1eafng hai s\u01b0\u01a1ng xay, gi\u00e3, d\u1ea7n, s\u00e0ng …<\/i>”<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ecdan th\u01a1, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u01a1 gi\u00e0u s\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh “t\u00f3c m\u1eb9 b\u00fai sau \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>“, g\u1ee3i t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p thu\u1ea7n phong m\u1ef9 t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ca dao x\u01b0a ca ng\u1ee3i v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ecnh n\u1eb7ng ngh\u0129a trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng “cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau b\u1eb1ng g\u1eebng cay mu\u1ed1i m\u1eb7n<\/i>“. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eady, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01a1 c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eafn v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t g\u1ea1o l\u00e0m gia b\u1ea3n …<\/p>\n – C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i,\u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc – m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quen thu\u1ed9c, gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi l\u1ea1: nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ecfang c\u00e1ch s\u1eed thi \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u0129 l\u1ec7, mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i, m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed7i gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb,t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft, b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Gi\u1ecdng th\u01a1 th\u00e2m tr\u1ea7m, trang nghi\u00eam; c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01a1 theo l\u1ed1i t\u0103ng c\u1ea5p:\u00a0\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3; \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u; \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn l\u00ean; \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1eeb … gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh ra, l\u1edbn l\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft hoa hai t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb chung) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n C. K\u1ebft b\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u00edn c\u00e2u th\u01a1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch “\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>” \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb, nh\u1eefng ai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i suy g\u1eabm.B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 c\u00f2n cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt th\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o .T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00eam cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1ng x\u00e2y, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00d4n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc C\u00e2u 1:\u00a0C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc \u1edf THPT a) T\u1ef1 s\u1ef1: Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c (s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n) c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 … b) Thuy\u1ebft minh: Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[1299],"tags":[1345,1347,1348],"yoast_head":"\nII. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp<\/h2>\n
\"<\/span>Khi ta l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i\r\n ......\r\n\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3<\/span><\/i>\"<\/span>.<\/span><\/pre>\n\"<\/span>Khi ta l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i\r\n ......\r\n\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3<\/span><\/i>\"<\/span>.<\/span><\/pre>\n