Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/em><\/strong>, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n <\/strong>v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong b\u1ea3ng.Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 li\u00ean ki\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai<\/em><\/strong>, trong m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a kh\u1eed<\/strong> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n electron trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a kh\u1eed \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m cao.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n electron trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u1ea9n<\/strong>, theo c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a kh\u1eed, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 mol electron m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 mol electron m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn, khi \u0111\u00f3 ta s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u1ed1, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd cho c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> H\u00f2a tan a mol Fe v\u00e0 b mol Fe_{3<\/sub>O4<\/sub>\u00a0trong dung d\u1ecbch HNO3<\/sub>\u00a0lo\u00e3ng, d\u01b0 th\u00ec thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed g\u1ed3m c mol NO v\u00e0 d mol N2<\/sub>O. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. T\u00ecm h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa a, b, c v\u00e0 d?<\/p>\n}

Khi gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft t\u1edbi 4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n electron, ta th\u1ea5y, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Do t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 mol electron m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed nh\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 mol electron m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxi h\u00f3a nh\u1eadn n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 3a + b = 3c + 8d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n electron t\u1ecf ra kh\u00e1 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a kh\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba<\/em><\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 axit sunfuric, th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc sinh l\u01b0u \u00fd, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 axit lo\u00e3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a cao n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Hi\u0111ro trong d\u00e3y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Khi axit sunfuric \u1edf th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00f3ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Platin. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 axit sunfuic \u0111\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed9i, do t\u00ednh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 s\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0<\/em><\/strong>, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 axit v\u00e0 baz\u01a1 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u1edf b\u1eadc Trung h\u1ecdc C\u01a1 s\u1edf. Trong n\u1ed9i dung H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1edf b\u1eadc Trung h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 axit v\u00e0 baz\u01a1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, axit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng proton (H^{+<\/sup>), c\u00f2n baz\u01a1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn proton (H+<\/sup>).<\/p>\n}

V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>
\nAxit:\u00a0 HCl \u00ae H^{+<\/sup>\u00a0+ Cl–<\/sup>
\nBaz\u01a1:\u00a0 NaOH + H+<\/sup>\u00a0\u00ae NaCl + H_{2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n}}

Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m<\/em><\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi axit nitric, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t axit c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Platin.<\/p>\n

T\u00f9y theo n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 axit n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb kh\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Nit\u01a1 (NH_{4<\/sub>NO3<\/sub>, NO, NO2<\/sub>, N2<\/sub>O, N2<\/sub>).<\/p>\n}

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, do t\u00ednh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a n\u00ean axit nitric \u0111\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed9i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 s\u1eaft.
\nC\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 axit nitric, ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1i nitrat.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i nitrat d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cation kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/em><\/strong>, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Trung h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd khi g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung cho kh\u00ed CO_{2<\/sub>\u00a0t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch ki\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n}

<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00f3, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a (CaCO_{3<\/sub>) thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i t\u1eadp (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3) s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi CO2<\/sub>\u00a0ban \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1eeb \u0111i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi CO2<\/sub>\u00a0c\u00f2n d\u01b0 sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n}

Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y<\/em><\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u00f4m (Al) ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nh\u00f4m oxit (Al_{2<\/sub>O3<\/sub>) v\u00e0 nh\u00f4m hi\u0111roxit (Al(OH)3<\/sub>).<\/p>\n}

<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 kim lo\u1ea1i s\u1eaft (Fe) ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u00ednh oxi kh\u1eed v\u00e0 oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Fe2+, t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Fe3+. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 do t\u00ednh kh\u1eed c\u1ee7a Fe+2\u00a0m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi AgNO3\u00a0v\u00e0 Fe(NO\u00ad\u00ad3)2\u00a0trong m\u1ed9t dung d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong b\u1ea3ng.Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 li\u00ean ki\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n